Teaching Video NeuroImage: Status Epilepticus Manifesting as Belly Dancing Secondary to Subdural Hematoma.

A 74-year-old man developed involuntary rhythmic contractions of his left abdomen, after drainage of a chronic right frontoparietal subdural hematoma (Figure). These movements had electroencephalographic correlation with periodic lateralized discharges over the right posterior quadrant (Video 1, Figure) and were classified as clonic abdominal seizures. Clonic abdominal seizures are a rare clinical finding in patients with seizure disorders. The symptomatogenic zone most commonly localizes to the contralateral paracentral frontoparietal region.1 Possible etiologies include primary brain tumors, brain metastasis, CNS infections, cortical dysplasia, stroke, and postsurgical complications.1,2 Clonic abdominal seizures are infrequent, but should be suspected in patients with rhythmic and regular contractions of the hemiabdominal wall in the context of a contralateral cerebral structural lesion.

Real-world evidence on the use of cannabidiol for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy not related to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

INTRODUCTION: Highly purified cannabidiol (CBD) has a broad spectrum of action and could be useful for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy regardless of etiology or syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multicenter retrospective study that evaluated the efficacy and safety of CBD for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy of different etiologies in patients >2 years of age. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients with a median age of 24 years and a wide spectrum of mainly structural and genetic etiologies were included. Patients were using a median of 3 antiseizure drugs (IQR=2-4) and had a median of 30 monthly seizures (IQR=12-100) before starting CBD. The median treatment time with CBD was 14 months (IQR=10-17). The efficacy analysis at the last available visit showed that mean percent reduction in seizures, ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency and seizure freedom was 67.8%, 68.8% and 11.5% respectively. We found no significant impact of concomitant clobazam use on the efficacy and safety of CBD. In the safety analysis, 28.2% (n = 22) of patients presented adverse events related to CBD and drug-retention rate was 78.2%. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world setting, highly purified CBD has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy not related to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Based on these findings, highly purified CBD should be considered as an adjuvant therapy for drug resistant epilepsy, regardless of its underlying cause or specific syndrome. Nevertheless, this assumption should be validated through further controlled trials.

Epileptogénesis y corteza piriforme: entendiendo a la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal más allá del hipocampo / Epileptogenesis and the piriform cortex: understanding temporal lobe epilepsy beyond the hippocampus

Introducción: Con la experiencia de los registros electroencefalográficos invasivos y el fracaso quirúrgico después de la cirugía, se ha hecho evidente que la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal es mucho más compleja de lo que se creía, y en la actualidad es considerada una enfermedad de redes anatomofuncionales y no de lesiones estructurales. Contenido: La información neurofisiológica e imagenológica actual permite concluir que en esta epilepsia están involucradas varias redes neuronales temporales y extratemporales que contribuyen a la extensión de la zona epileptógena. Una forma de entender el concepto de red epiléptica en la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal es a partir del conocimiento de la corteza piriforme. Varios estudios clínicos han mostrado que en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal asociada a esclerosis hipocampal existe una disfunción interictal del procesamiento olfatorio que es más significativa, en comparación con pacientes con epilepsia focal extrahipocampal y controles sanos. Esta alteración es, probablemente, la consecuencia de una red neuronal disfuncional que se extiende más allá del hipocampo y que afecta a otras estructuras cercanas, incluida la corteza piriforme. Conclusión: En este artículo llevamos a cabo una revisión narrativa de la literatura con el objetivo de establecer un vínculo entre la corteza piriforme y la epileptogénesis del lóbulo temporal, y demostramos que esta enfermedad es la consecuencia de una disfunción de redes neuronales que no depende exclusivamente de una anormalidad estructural en el hipocampo o en estructuras cercanas.

Introduction: With the experience of invasive EEG recordings and surgical failure after surgery, it has become clear that temporal lobe epilepsy is much more complex than previously thought, and currently, is conceptualized as a disease of anatomical networks instead of structural lesions. Content: The current neurophysiological and imaging information allows us to conclude that several temporal and extratemporal anatomical networks are involved in this type of epilepsy. One way of understanding the concept of the epileptic network in temporal lobe epilepsy is from the knowledge of the piriform cortex. Several clinical studies have shown that in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis exists an interictal dysfunction of olfactory processing that is more significant compared to patients with focal extra-hippocampal epilepsy and healthy controls. This alteration is probably the consequence of a dysfunctional neural network that extends beyond the hippocampus and affects other nearby structures, including the piriform cortex. Conclusion: In this article, we carry out a narrative review of the literature with the aim of establishing a link between the piriform cortex and temporal lobe epileptogenesis, demonstrating that this disease is the consequence of a dysfunctional network that does not depend exclusively of a hippocampal structural abnormality.

Riesgo neuropsicológico en epilepsia del lóbulo temporal / Neuropsychological risk in temporal lobe epilepsy

Introducción: Los síntomas neuropsicológicos son una preocupación importante para los pacientes con epilepsia y pueden llegar a ser muy influyentes en la percepción de calidad de vida. En el caso de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal, existen muchas variables que influyen en el desempeño cognitivo de los pacientes, entre las más importantes se encuentran la etiología, la edad de inicio, la duración de la enfermedad y la frecuencia de crisis; sin embargo, una de las variables más importantes es la lateralidad de la epilepsia. Está claramente demostrado que los síntomas cognitivos de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal varían en función del hemisferio cerebral afectado. Contenido: La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal es una de las principales epilepsias focales que es susceptible de manejo quirúrgico, y, en este sentido, el tipo de procedimiento también tiene una gran importancia en el desenlace cognitivo de estos pacientes. En este artículo, realizamos una revisión narrativa de la literatura, con el objetivo de describir el riesgo neuropsicológico relacionado no solamente con la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal per se, sino también con las intervenciones quirúrgicas que se realizan en pacientes refractarios a la medicación. Conclusiones: Es importante conocer los conceptos sobre las implicaciones del impacto cognitivo en los pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal antes de tomar decisiones quirúrgicas en pacientes refractarios, así como entender que el tipo de cirugía también influye en su desempeño cognitivo. Se debe buscar un equilibrio entre la libertad de crisis y las posibles secuelas neuropsicológicas posquirúrgicas.

Introduction: Neuropsychological symptoms are a major concern for patients with epilepsy and can highly influence the perception of quality of life. In the case of temporal lobe epilepsy, there are many variables that impact the cognitive performance of these people, among the most important are the etiology, the age of onset, the duration of the disease and the frequency of seizures, however, one of the most important variables is the lateralization of the seizure. It has been demonstrated that the cognitive symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy vary depending on the affected cerebral hemisphere. Contents of the review: Temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the main focal epilepsies that is susceptible to surgical management, and the type of surgery also has great importance in the cognitive outcomes of these patients. In this article, we carry out a narrative review of the literature in order to describe the neuropsychological risk related not only to temporal lobe epilepsy per se, but also to surgical interventions performed in drug-resistant patients. Conclusions: It is important to know the concepts about the implications of cognitive impact in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy before making surgical decisions in refractory patients and to understand that the type of surgery also influences the cognitive performance of these patients. A balance must be sought between the freedom of seizures and the possible postoperative neuropsychological sequelae.

Caracterización sociodemográfica y perfil clínico de pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis en una población de Bogotá, Colombia / Socio-demographic characterization and clinical profile of patients diagnosed with neurosyphilis in a population of Bogotá, Colombia

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurosífilis se asocia con una serie de signos y síntomas que pueden aparecer luego de 10 a 30 años de la primoinfección; es más frecuente en pacientes con VIH, conductas homosexuales y adultos de género masculino. Es una enfermedad tratable, cuya incidencia viene en descenso notorio tras el advenimiento de la terapia antibiótica de fácil acceso, lo que la convierte en un problema de salud pública a escala mundial. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis tratados en la Unidad de Servicios de Salud Occidente de Kennedy (USSOK), Bogotá, Colombia, entre el 2014 y el 2018. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, retrospectivo, en el que se evaluó a pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis que recibieron manejo en la USS Occidente Kennedy durante 2014-2018. Para tal fin se incluyó a mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de neurosífilis, y se hizo estudio de líquido cefalorraquídeo, pruebas no treponémicas en las que se usó el VDRL y pruebas treponémicas en las cuales se empleó FTA-Abs. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron 55 casos de neurosífilis durante el periodo estudiado. Si se tiene en cuenta el número total de pacientes atendidos (8244), la prevalencia calculada correspondió a 0,66 %. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro medio, la prevalencia de neurosífilis (0,6 %) es mayor a la reportada en poblaciones de altos ingresos económicos (0,4 %). El perfil sociodemográfico de pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis de una población de bajos recursos se caracteriza por: adultos en la sexta década de la vida, sexo masculino e inmunocompetentes.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Neurosyphilis is associated with a series of signs and symptoms that may appear 10 to 30 years after the first infection; it is more frequent in patients with HIV, homosexual behavior and male adults. It is a treatable disease, whose incidence comes in a noticeable descent after the advent of easily accessible antibiotic therapy, which makes it a public health problem worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, sociodemographic, clinical and paraclinical variables of patients diagnosed with Neurosyphilis treated in the Kennedy West Health Services Unit (USSOK) between 2014-2018 PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study was carried out in which patients diagnosed with Neurosyphilis who received management at the USS West Kennedy during 2014-2018 were evaluated. They were older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of Neurosyphilis. Cerebrospinal fluid study, non-treponemal tests where VDRL was used and treponemal tests using FTA-Abs RESULTS: 55 cases of neurosyphilis were diagnosed during the period studied. Taking into account the total number of patients treated (8244), the calculated prevalence corresponded to 0.66 % CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Neurosyphilis in our environment (0.6 %) is higher than that reported in high income populations (0.4 %). The sociodemographic profile of patients diagnosed with neurosyphilis from a low-income population is characterized by: adults in the sixth decade of life, male and immunocompetent.

Olfactory function in focal epilepsies: Understanding mesial temporal lobe epilepsy beyond the hippocampus.

Several lines of research have linked olfactory regions with the pathophysiology of focal epilepsies. Among those regions, the piriform cortex represents the major part of the primary olfactory cortex. According to these data, we raised the hypothesis that in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis exists an interictal dysfunction of olfactory processing that could be more significant compared to patients with extra-hippocampal focal epilepsy and healthy controls. This could be the consequence of a dysfunctional epileptogenic network that extends beyond the hippocampus and affects other structures, including the piriform cortex. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the olfactory function with the Sniffin' Sticks test in 32 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis, 30 patients with extra-hippocampal focal epilepsy, and 22 healthy controls. Compared to the other study groups, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis showed a basal olfactory dysfunction characterized by an impairment in odor discrimination and odor identification. We also found that high seizure frequency had a strong correlation with the evaluated olfactory tasks. Our results are consistent with neuroimaging and neuropathological data that establish a link between olfactory regions and the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epidemiological profile of epilepsy in low income populations.

Epilepsy is a global disease with an unequal distribution. About 80% of the affected individuals reside in low and middle income countries. The incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in low income populations is higher than in the rest of the world, this is partly explained by some risk factors such as head trauma, perinatal injury and CNS infections, which are more common in poor regions, especially in rural areas. Epilepsy is considered a treatable condition with high rates of therapeutic response. About three fourths of patients achieve control of the disease with the use of antiepileptic drugs, however, despite this benign prognosis, over 75% of patients from low income populations do not receive treatment at all. The cultural beliefs, the inequity in the distribution of public health services, the inadequate supply of antiepileptic drugs, the low number of neurologists involved in the attention of epilepsy, and the social stigma, are the main reasons that increase the treatment gap and the burden of disease in low income populations with epilepsy. We conducted a narrative review regarding the epidemiology of epilepsy in low income populations by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and thoroughly examining relevant bibliographies. This review aims to summarize the main epidemiological aspects of epilepsy in LMIC, emphasizing on incidence, prevalence, socio-demographic profile, TG, social stigma and QoL.

Factors associated with quality of life in a low-income population with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: Currently few studies describe the variables that impact quality of life (QoL) in patients with epilepsy in low-income populations. The study aimed to establish relationships between QoL scores obtained through the QOLIE-10 inventory and clinical variables in patients older than 18 years diagnosed with epilepsy. METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. We conducted consecutive recruitment of the data for all patients with an epilepsy diagnosis who were treated in the neurology department of Kennedy Western Hospital located in Bogota, Colombia. The variables that were statistically significant in the bivariate analysis were included in a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: 220 patients were evaluated. The 50th percentile of the total score of the QOLIE-10 scale was 70 (95% CI: 67,5-75). The demographic profile was characterized by low level of education, unemployment, and single marital status. The variables included in the regression model that significantly affected QoL were depression (p<0.001), severe daytime sleepiness (p=0.030), structural/metabolic etiology of epilepsy (p=0.021), drug resistant epilepsy (p=0.015), and epilepsy with undetermined antiepileptic drug response (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The QoL in patients with epilepsy from a low-economic population is determined primarily by depression, severe daytime sleepiness, etiology of epilepsy (structural/metabolic etiology), and the type of therapeutic response to antiepileptic drugs (drug resistant epilepsy and undetermined antiepileptic drug response). These data suggest the need to promote early diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric comorbidities and sleep disorders, as well as effective and timely therapeutic interventions to prevent drug resistance in epilepsy.

Farmacorresistencia en epilepsia. Conceptos clínicos y neurobiológicos / Drug resistant epilepsy. Clinical and neurobiological concepts

La epilepsia farmacorresistente es una condición definida por la Liga Internacional contra la Epilepsia como la persistencia de crisis epilépticas a pesar de haber utilizado al menos dos tratamientos con fármacos antiepilépticos apropiados y adecuados. Cerca de un 20-30% de los pacientes con epilepsia van a ser resistentes a los fármacos antiepilépticos, con diferentes patrones de presentación clínica, los cuales están en relación con las bases biológicas de esta enfermedad (resistencia de novo, recaída-remisión y progresiva). La farmacorresistencia en epilepsia impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida y aumenta significativamente el riesgo de muerte prematura. Desde el punto de vista neurobiológico, esta condición clínica es el resultado de la interacción de múltiples variables relacionadas con la enfermedad de base, las interacciones medicamentosas y los aspectos genéticos propios de cada paciente. Gracias a los avances en la investigación farmacogenética y de biología molecular, actualmente se plantean algunas hipótesis que podrían explicar la causa de esta condición y que promueven el estudio de nuevas opciones terapéuticas. En la actualidad, la sobreexpresión de transportadores de membrana, como la glucoproteína P, parece ser uno de los mecanismos más importantes en el desarrollo de la farmacorresistencia en epilepsia. El objetivo de esta revisión es profundizar en los aspectos generales de esta condición clínica, abordando la definición, los aspectos epidemiológicos, los diagnósticos diferenciales y las bases fisiopatológicas (AU)

Drug-resistant epilepsy, is a condition defined by the International League Against Epilepsy as persistent seizures despite having used at least two appropriate and adequate antiepileptic drug treatments. Approximately 20-30% of patients with epilepsy are going to be resistant to antiepileptic drugs, with different patterns of clinical presentation, which are related to the biological basis of this disease (de novo resistance, relapsing-remitting and progressive). Drug resistant epilepsy, impacts negatively the quality of life and significantly increases the risk of premature death. From the neurobiological point of view, this medical condition is the result of the interaction of multiple variables related to the underlying disease, drug interactions and proper genetic aspects of each patient. Thanks to advances in pharmacogenetics and molecular biology research, currently some hypotheses may explain the cause of this condition and promote the study of new therapeutic options. Currently, overexpression of membrane transporters such as P-glycoprotein, appears to be one of the most important mechanisms in the development of drug resistant epilepsy. The objective of this review is to deepen the general aspects of this clinical condition, addressing the definition, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and the pathophysiological bases (AU)

[Drug resistant epilepsy. Clinical and neurobiological concepts]. / Farmacorresistencia en epilepsia. Conceptos clínicos y neurobiológicos.

Drug-resistant epilepsy, is a condition defined by the International League Against Epilepsy as persistent seizures despite having used at least two appropriate and adequate antiepileptic drug treatments. Approximately 20-30% of patients with epilepsy are going to be resistant to antiepileptic drugs, with different patterns of clinical presentation, which are related to the biological basis of this disease (de novo resistance, relapsing-remitting and progressive). Drug resistant epilepsy, impacts negatively the quality of life and significantly increases the risk of premature death. From the neurobiological point of view, this medical condition is the result of the interaction of multiple variables related to the underlying disease, drug interactions and proper genetic aspects of each patient. Thanks to advances in pharmacogenetics and molecular biology research, currently some hypotheses may explain the cause of this condition and promote the study of new therapeutic options. Currently, overexpression of membrane transporters such as P-glycoprotein, appears to be one of the most important mechanisms in the development of drug resistant epilepsy. The objective of this review is to deepen the general aspects of this clinical condition, addressing the definition, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and the pathophysiological bases.

TITLE: Farmacorresistencia en epilepsia. Conceptos clinicos y neurobiologicos.La epilepsia farmacorresistente es una condicion definida por la Liga Internacional contra la Epilepsia como la persistencia de crisis epilepticas a pesar de haber utilizado al menos dos tratamientos con farmacos antiepilepticos apropiados y adecuados. Cerca de un 20-30% de los pacientes con epilepsia van a ser resistentes a los farmacos antiepilepticos, con diferentes patrones de presentacion clinica, los cuales estan en relacion con las bases biologicas de esta enfermedad (resistencia de novo, recaida-remision y progresiva). La farmacorresistencia en epilepsia impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida y aumenta significativamente el riesgo de muerte prematura. Desde el punto de vista neurobiologico, esta condicion clinica es el resultado de la interaccion de multiples variables relacionadas con la enfermedad de base, las interacciones medicamentosas y los aspectos geneticos propios de cada paciente. Gracias a los avances en la investigacion farmacogenetica y de biologia molecular, actualmente se plantean algunas hipotesis que podrian explicar la causa de esta condicion y que promueven el estudio de nuevas opciones terapeuticas. En la actualidad, la sobreexpresion de transportadores de membrana, como la glucoproteina P, parece ser uno de los mecanismos mas importantes en el desarrollo de la farmacorresistencia en epilepsia. El objetivo de esta revision es profundizar en los aspectos generales de esta condicion clinica, abordando la definicion, los aspectos epidemiologicos, los diagnosticos diferenciales y las bases fisiopatologicas.

Impact of epilepsy surgery on the quality of life of a low-income population through the application of the Qolie-10 scale.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of epilepsy surgery on quality of life through the application of the quality of life in epilepsy (QOLIE-10) scale in a low income population. METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The data for all patients who underwent epilepsy surgery from the aforementioned period were registered retrospectively through a review of their clinical history. Clinical variables of interest for this study were obtained through phone contact, and the QOLIE-10 scale was applied. RESULTS: This study included a total of 89 patients with whom phone contact was established and who met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 30.3% were without anti-seizure medication at the time of the survey's application, and only 19.1% were still under polytherapy. A total of 47.1% of the patients had returned to some work activity that they would have not been able to perform before because of their disease. All of the components of the QOLIE-10 scale improved significantly (p < 0.05) after the surgical procedure, except the variable of "fear of the sudden occurrence of seizures". The variables with greatest impact after the surgical procedure were depression, work activity, and quality of life in general. CONCLUSION: Epilepsy surgery has a positive impact on the quality of life of patients with low resources and in vulnerable social conditions. It is still to be determined if, in this population, work and social reintegration have a greater impact on the quality of life than other clinical and/or paraclinical variables.

Sindrome de Villaret y paraganglioma cervical: Reporte de caso con consideraciones especiales / Villaret Syndrom and cervical paraganglioma: Case report with special considerations

El síndrome de Villaret está caracterizado por una serie de alteraciones de la unión craniocervical, con un compromiso específico de los nervios craneales IX, X, XI y XII, así como la cadena simpática cervical. Desde la primera descripción realizada por Maurice Villaret, se han descrito algunos casos, donde la gran mayoría de las lesiones están localizadas en el espacio retrofaringeo o retroparotideo, y usualmente corresponde a tumores, lesiones vasculares o procesos infecciosos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con un síndrome de Villaret secundario a un paraganglioma cervical.

Villaret's syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by a compromise of the craniocervical junction, with specific involvement of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII as well as the cervical sympathetic chain. Since the first description by Maurice Villaret, some cases have been described, in which the vast majority of the lesions are located in the retropharyngeal or retroparotid space, and usually correspond to tumors, vascular lesions or infectious processes. We present the case of a female patient with Villaret's syndrome secondary to a cervical paraganglioma.

Utilidad y rendimiento diagnóstico de la punción lumbar en el servicio de urgencias / Usefulness and diagnostic efficiency of the lumbar puncture in the emergency service

Introducción: la punción lumbar es un procedimiento diagnóstico y terapéutico necesario para muchas enfermedades del sistema nervioso. Con base en la literatura actual, su utilidad en el servicio de urgencias de neurología no ha sido totalmente explorada. Objetivos: describir la frecuencia de la punción lumbar en el departamento de urgencias, su utilidad en el diagnóstico de enfermedades del sistema nervioso, y las características demográficas y clínicas más relevantes de los pacientes a quienes se les realizó el procedimiento. Materiales y métodos: realizamos un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se registraron prospectivamente los datos de todos los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de Neurología del Hospital Occidente de Kennedy en Bogotá-Colombia, a quienes se les indicó punción lumbar durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 a julio de 2013. Resultados: se valoraron 3,161 pacientes en urgencias de neurología, y se realizaron 630 punciones lumbares (19,9%). Las principales indicaciones para realizar el procedimiento fueron: cefalea con signos de alarma (40,6%) y sospecha de neuroinfección (27,5%). El 32,2% (IC 95%: 28,5-35,8) de las punciones lumbares tuvo un resultado anormal. La utilidad de la punción lumbar disminuyó en el grupo de pacientes mayores de 65 años (24,5% n=26). Cuando se practica la punción lumbar por sospecha clínica de neuroinfección, la utilidad del procedimiento puede llegar a ser hasta del 40,46% (IC 95%: 33,1- 48,1). El antecedente de VIH tiene una asociación significativa para tener una punción lumbar anormal (p <0.0001). La cefalea (70,9% n= 144) y la fiebre (26,1% n= 53) fueron los síntomas más frecuentes del grupo de pacientes con punción lumbar anormal. La fiebre, los signos meníngeos sutiles y la rigidez nucal, fueron las variables clínicas que presentaron una significancia estadística (p <0,05), y estuvieron asociadas al diagnóstico definitivo de neuroinfección. ...

[Clinical approach to the first epileptic crisis in adults]. / Aproximación clínica a una primera crisis epiléptica en adultos.

Seizures are one of the main reasons for visits to emergency and neurology. Represent a traumatic event with potential medical and social consequences. A first epileptic seizure, can be the initial manifestation of malignancy, systemic disorder or infection, but can also be the first manifestation of epilepsy. The misdiagnosis of symptomatic seizures and unprovoked seizure, significantly affects prognosis and patient outcomes. The aim of this review is to examine the general concepts that enable successful diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient presenting with a first epileptic seizure.

TITLE: Aproximacion clinica a una primera crisis epileptica en adultos.Las crisis epilepticas son uno de los principales motivos de consulta en urgencias y en neurologia. Representan un evento traumatico con potenciales consecuencias medicas y sociales. Una primera crisis epileptica puede ser la manifestacion inicial de una neoplasia, un trastorno sistemico o una infeccion, pero tambien puede ser la primera manifestacion de la epilepsia. El diagnostico y el tratamiento erroneo de crisis epilepticas sintomaticas y no provocadas repercuten de manera significativa en el pronostico y la evolucion de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta revision es profundizar en los conceptos generales que permitan una aproximacion diagnostica y terapeutica acertada al paciente que se presenta con una primera crisis epileptica.

Aproximación clínica a una primera crisis epiléptica en adultos / Clinical approach to the first epileptic crisis in adults

Las crisis epilépticas son uno de los principales motivos de consulta en urgencias y en neurología. Representan un evento traumático con potenciales consecuencias médicas y sociales. Una primera crisis epiléptica puede ser la manifestación inicial de una neoplasia, un trastorno sistémico o una infección, pero también puede ser la primera manifestación de la epilepsia. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento erróneo de crisis epilépticas sintomáticas y no provocadas repercuten de manera significativa en el pronóstico y la evolución de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta revisión es profundizar en los conceptos generales que permitan una aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica acertada al paciente que se presenta con una primera crisis epiléptica (AU)

Seizures are one of the main reasons for visits to emergency and neurology. Represent a traumatic event with potential medical and social consequences. A first epileptic seizure, can be the initial manifestation of malignancy, systemic disorder or infection, but can also be the first manifestation of epilepsy. The misdiagnosis of symptomatic seizures and unprovoked seizure, significantly affects prognosis and patient outcomes. The aim of this review is to examine the general concepts that enable successful diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient presenting with a first epileptic seizure (AU)